Which of the following substances is associated with confusion and agitated behavior?

Amphetamines, as the correct choice, are well-known for their stimulating effects on the central nervous system, leading to a range of psychological and behavioral symptoms. The use of amphetamines can result in heightened arousal, increased energy, and enhanced alertness; however, they can also lead to negative side effects such as confusion, agitation, and irritability. This agitation is primarily due to the excessive stimulation that affects neurotransmitter levels, particularly dopamine and norepinephrine, in the brain.

When individuals misuse or abuse amphetamines, the risk of experiencing acute mental health disturbances, including paranoia or psychotic symptoms, increases significantly. This can also manifest in behaviors that are erratic or disorganized, adding to the confusion and agitation observed in affected individuals.

Other substances listed have different primary effects. Alcohol is generally a depressant and, while it can lead to confusion, especially in cases of intoxication or withdrawal, its main behavioral impact is typically sedation rather than agitation. Nicotine primarily stimulates the Release of dopamine but does not commonly lead to confusion or significant agitation. Oxycodone, as an opioid, is a powerful pain reliever that can cause sedation and confusion, especially in high doses but does not typically induce the level of agitation associated